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1.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 116(2): 266-271, fev. 2021. tab, graf
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1153003

ABSTRACT

Resumo Fundamento As doenças cardiovasculares constituem um grupo importante de causas de morte no Brasil. As doenças isquêmicas do coração são as principais causas de parada cardiorrespiratória, levando a um impacto na mortalidade devido às doenças cardiovasculares no sistema de saúde. Objetivo Avaliar o número de óbitos domiciliares por parada cardiorrespiratória notificados pelo Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU) em março de 2018, 2019 e 2020. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo observacional realizado a partir da análise de dados de mortalidade por parada cardiorrespiratória de cidadãos atendidos pelo SAMU em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram analisadas as características sociais e clínicas e as informações de ocorrência. Foi avaliada a taxa de mortalidade por parada cardiorrespiratória em relação ao número total de atendimentos. Foi considerado um nível de significância de 95%. Resultados Houve um aumento nos óbitos domiciliares por parada cardiorrespiratória em março de 2020, em comparação com março de 2018 (p < 0,001) e março de 2019 (p = 0,050). Dos óbitos relatados em 2020, 63,8% dos pacientes tinham 60 anos ou mais; 63,7% das ocorrências foram à tarde e aproximadamente 87% dos casos de parada cardiorrespiratória notificados apresentavam comorbidades clínicas, com hipertensão arterial sistêmicas e parada cardíaca correspondendo a 22,87% e 13,03% dos casos relatados, respectivamente. A maioria da amostra avaliada deste estudo não teve acompanhamento médico (88,7%). Conclusão Considerando o aumento do número de óbitos, sugerimos reflexões e reajustes quanto ao monitoramento das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis durante a pandemia, bem como melhorias na vigilância dos óbitos. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(2):266-271)


Abstract Background Cardiovascular diseases constitute an important group of causes of death in the country. Ischemic heart diseases that are the main causes of cardiopulmonary arrest, leading to an impact on the mortality of the cardiovascular diseases in the health system. Objective Assess the number of home deaths by cardiopulmonary arrest notified by the Mobile Emergency Medical Service (SAMU) in March 2018, 2019 and 2020. Methods Observational study carried out from the analysis of cardiopulmonary arrest mortality data of citizens assisted by SAMU in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Social and clinical characteristics and occurrence information of the patients were analyzed. The mortality rate due to cardiopulmonary arrest in relation to the total number of attendances was assessed. A significance level of 95% was considered. Results There was increase of home deaths due to cardiopulmonary arrest in March 2020 compared to March 2018 (p<0.001) and March 2019 (p=0.050). Of the deaths reported in 2020, 63.8% of the patients were aged 60 years or older, 63.7% of the occurrences were performed in the afternoon and approximately 87% of the cardiopulmonary arrest notified had associated clinical comorbidities, with systemic arterial hypertension and heart failure represented by 22.87% and 13.03% of the reported cases, respectively. The majority of the evaluated sample of this study did not have any medical care follow-up (88.7%). Conclusion Considering the increase in the number of the deaths, we suggest reflections and readjustments regarding the monitoring of chronic non-transmissible diseases during a pandemic, as well as improvements in death surveillance. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(2):266-271)


Subject(s)
Humans , Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation , COVID-19 , Heart Arrest/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Pandemics , SARS-CoV-2 , Middle Aged
2.
Rev. bras. ter. intensiva ; 33(1): 96-101, jan.-mar. 2021. tab, graf
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1289062

ABSTRACT

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar as modificações nas características das paradas cardíacas no hospital após a implantação de um Time de Resposta Rápida. Métodos: Este foi um estudo observacional prospectivo de paradas cardíacas ocorridas no hospital entre janeiro de 2013 e dezembro de 2017. O critério de exclusão foi parada cardíaca na unidade de terapia intensiva, na emergência ou na sala cirúrgica. O Time de Resposta Rápida foi introduzido no hospital do estudo em julho de 2014. Os pacientes foram classificados em dois grupos: Pré-Time de Resposta Rápida (parada cardíaca no hospital antes da implantação do Time de Resposta Rápida) e Pós- Time de Resposta Rápida (parada cardíaca no hospital após a implantação do Time de Resposta Rápida). Os pacientes foram seguidos até a alta hospitalar ou óbito. Resultados: Ocorreram 308 paradas cardíacas (64,6 ± 15,2 anos; 60,3% homens; 13,9% com ritmo inicial chocável). Houve diminuição de 4,2 para 2,5 no índice de parada cardíaca no hospital por 1.000 admissões após o início da atuação do Time de Resposta Rápida, além de cerca de 124 chamados por 1.000 admissões. A parada antes da implantação do Time de Resposta Rápida se associou com hipóxia (29,4 versus 14,3%; p = 0,006) e alteração da frequência respiratória (14,7 versus 4,2%; p = 0,004) em comparação aos dados referentes à parada cardíaca após a implantação do Time de Resposta Rápida. Parada cardíaca por hipóxia foi mais comum antes da implantação do Time de Resposta Rápida (61,2 versus 38,1%; p < 0,001). Na análise multivariada, o retorno à circulação espontânea se associou com ritmo chocável (RC 2,97; IC95% 1,04 - 8,43) e parada cardíaca testemunhada (RC 2,52; IC95% 1,39 - 4,59) mas não com a implantação do Time de Resposta Rápida (RC 1,40; IC95% 0,70 - 2,81) ou sinais premonitórios (RC 0,71; IC95% 0,39 - 1,28). Na análise multivariada, a mortalidade hospitalar se associou com ritmo não chocável (RC 5,34; IC95% 2,28 - 12,53) e idade (RC 1,03; IC95% 1,01 - 1,05), porém não com a implantação do Time de Resposta Rápida (RC 0,89; IC95% 0,40 - 2,02). Conclusão: Apesar de a implantação de um Time de Resposta Rápida se associar com redução na incidência de parada cardíaca no hospital, ela não se associou com a redução da mortalidade das vítimas de parada cardíaca no hospital. Observou-se significante diminuição nas paradas cardíacas devidas a causas respiratórias após a implantação do Time de Resposta Rápida.


ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate changes in the characteristics of in-hospital cardiac arrest after the implementation of a Rapid Response Team. Methods: This was a prospective observational study of in-hospital cardiac arrest that occurred from January 2013 to December 2017. The exclusion criterion was in-hospital cardiac arrest in the intensive care unit, emergency room or operating room. The Rapid Response Team was implemented in July 2014 in the study hospital. Patients were classified into two groups: a Pre-Rapid Response Team (in-hospital cardiac arrest before Rapid Response Team implementation) and a Post-Rapid Response Team (in-hospital cardiac arrest after Rapid Response Team implementation). Patients were followed until hospital discharge or death. Results: We had a total of 308 cardiac arrests (64.6 ± 15.2 years, 60.3% men, 13.9% with initial shockable rhythm). There was a decrease from 4.2 to 2.5 in-hospital cardiac arrest/1000 admissions after implementation of the Rapid Response Team, and we had approximately 124 calls/1000 admissions. Pre-Rapid Response Team cardiac arrest was associated with more hypoxia (29.4 versus 14.3%; p = 0.006) and an altered respiratory rate (14.7 versus 4.2%; p = 0.004) compared with post-Rapid Response Team cardiac arrest. Cardiac arrest due to hypoxia was more common before Rapid Response Team implementation (61.2 versus 38.1%, p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, return of spontaneous circulation was associated with shockable rhythm (OR 2.97; IC95% 1.04 - 8.43) and witnessed cardiac arrest (OR 2.52; IC95% 1.39 - 4.59) but not with Rapid Response Team implementation (OR 1.40; IC95% 0.70 - 2.81) or premonitory signs (OR 0.71; IC95% 0.39 - 1.28). In multivariate analysis, in-hospital mortality was associated with non-shockable rhythm (OR 5.34; IC95% 2.28 - 12.53) and age (OR 1.03; IC95% 1.01 - 1.05) but not with Rapid Response Team implementation (OR 0.89; IC95% 0.40 - 2.02). Conclusion: Even though Rapid Response Team implementation is associated with a reduction in in-hospital cardiac arrest, it was not associated with the mortality of in-hospital cardiac arrest victims. A significant decrease in cardiac arrests due to respiratory causes was noted after Rapid Response Team implementation.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation , Hospital Rapid Response Team , Heart Arrest/therapy , Heart Arrest/epidemiology , Hospital Mortality , Emergency Service, Hospital , Intensive Care Units
3.
Rev. colomb. anestesiol ; 48(3): 118-125, July-Sept. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: biblio-1126293

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction: In-hospital cardiac arrest (CA) is a rare but life-threatening event. However, the epidemiology of this event in intensive care units (ICU) is not clear. Objective: To determine the clinical characteristics of CA in adult patients hospitalized in several ICU of the Metropolitan Area of the Aburrá Valley, Colombia, over a period of 1 year. Methods: Observational study for a limited period of 1 year for adult patients with CA in the ICU of the hospitals of the Metropolitan Area of the Aburrá Valley, Colombia: San Vicente Foundation University Hospital, IPS University, and Manuel Uribe Ángel Hospital. Results: Of 3710 eligible patients who were treated in 91 beds, 646 CA events occurred during this period, of which 151 were candidates for resuscitation maneuvers. The overall incidence of CA in the ICU was 17.1%, without differences between the 3 hospitals included and the incidence of resuscitable CA was 39.9 cases per 1000 admissions to the ICU. The most common CA rhythm was asystole 54.3% and the overall survival at hospital discharge was 3.3%. Conclusion: In the analyzed ICU, CA was an infrequent event, but it presents a high mortality at discharge from the ICU and hospital. However, the few patients who survive have a good neurological prognosis.


Resumen Introducción: El paro cardiaco intrahospitalario es un evento poco frecuente, pero potencialmente mortal. No obstante, no es clara su epidemiología en las unidades de cuidado intensivos. Objetivo: Determinar las características clínicas del paro cardiorrespiratorio en pacientes adultos hospitalizados en varias unidades de cuidado intensivo (UCI) del Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá, Colombia, en un período de 12 meses. Métodos: Estudio observacional por período limitado a un año para pacientes adultos con paro cardiorrespiratorio en las UCI de los hospitales del Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá, Colombia: Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, IPS Universitaria, y Hospital Manuel Uribe Ángel. Resultados: De 3710 pacientes elegibles que fueron atendidos en 91 camas se presentaron en este período 646 eventos de paro cardiorrespiratorio, de los cuales 151 fueron candidatos a man iobras de reanimación. La incidencia global de paro en UCI fue de 17,1% (IC 95%: 15,9%-18,3%), sin diferencias entre los tres hospitales incluidos y una incidencia de paro cardiorrespiratorio susceptible de recibir reanimación cardiopulmonar de 39,9 casos por cada 1000 admisiones a la UCI. El ritmo de paro más común fue la asistolia (54,3%) y la sobrevida global al alta hospitalaria fue de 3,3%. Conclusión: El paro cardiorrespiratorio no fue un evento frecuente en las UCI analizadas, pero presenta una alta mortalidad al alta de UCI y hospitalaria. Sin embargo, los pocos pacientes que logran sobrevivir tienen buen pronóstico neurológico.


Subject(s)
Humans , Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation , Heart Arrest , Intensive Care Units , Mortality , Colombia , Heart Arrest/epidemiology
4.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 96(4): 409-421, July-Aug. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, ColecionaSUS, SES-SP | ID: biblio-1135042

ABSTRACT

Abstract Objective: To analyze the main epidemiological aspects of prehospital and hospital pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the impact of scientific evidence on survival. Source of data: This was a narrative review of the literature published at PubMed/MEDLINE until January 2019 including original and review articles, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, annals of congresses, and manual search of selected articles. Synthesis of data: The prehospital and hospital settings have different characteristics and prognoses. Pediatric prehospital cardiopulmonary arrest has a three-fold lower survival rate than cardiopulmonary arrest in the hospital setting, occurring mostly at home and in children under 1 year. Higher survival appears to be associated with age progression, shockable rhythm, emergency medical care, use of automatic external defibrillator, high-quality early life support, telephone dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and is strongly associated with witnessed cardiopulmonary arrest. In the hospital setting, a higher incidence was observed in children under 1 year of age, and mortality increased with age. Higher survival was observed with shorter cardiopulmonary resuscitation duration, occurrence on weekdays and during daytime, initial shockable rhythm, and previous monitoring. Despite the poor prognosis of pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation, an increase in survival has been observed in recent years, with good neurological prognosis in the hospital setting. Conclusions: A great progress in the science of pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation has been observed, especially in developed countries. The recognition of the epidemiological aspects that influence cardiopulmonary resuscitation survival may direct efforts towards more effective actions; thus, studies in emerging and less favored countries remains a priority regarding the knowledge of local factors.


Resumo Objetivo: Analisar os principais aspectos epidemiológicos da ressuscitação cardiopulmonar pediátrica pré-hospitalar e hospitalar e o impacto das evidências científicas na sobrevida. Fonte de dados: Revisão narrativa da literatura publicada em Pubmed/Medline até janeiro de 2019, inclusive artigos originais e de revisão, revisões sistemáticas, metanálises, anais de Congresso, além de busca manual dos artigos selecionados. Síntese dos dados: Os cenários pré-hospitalar e hospitalar apresentam características e prognósticos distintos. A parada cardiorrespiratória pré-hospitalar pediátrica apresenta sobrevida três vezes menor do que a hospitalar, ocorre em sua maioria nas residências e nos menores de um ano. A maior sobrevida parece estar associada a progressão da idade, ritmo chocável, atendimento por serviço médico de emergência, uso de desfibrilador externo automático, suporte básico de vida precoce de alta qualidade e orientação de ressuscitação cardiopulmonar via telefônica por atendente e está fortemente associada com parada cardiorrespiratória presenciada. No cenário hospitalar, observou-se maior incidência em menores de um ano e mortalidade crescente com a idade. Maior sobrevida foi observada quanto a menor duração da ressuscitação cardiopulmonar, ocorrência em dias da semana e período diurno, ritmo chocável inicial e monitoração prévia. Apesar do prognóstico reservado da ressuscitação cardiopulmonar pediátrica, observou-se nos últimos anos incremento da sobrevida com bom prognóstico neurológico no cenário hospitalar. Conclusões: Houve grande avanço na ciência da ressuscitação cardiopulmonar pediátrica, especialmente em países desenvolvidos. O reconhecimento dos aspectos epidemiológicos que influenciam a sobrevida da ressuscitação cardiopulmonar pode direcionar esforços para ações mais efetivas. Assim, a pesquisa em países emergentes e menos favorecidos persiste como prioridade no conhecimento de fatores locais.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation , Emergency Medical Services , Heart Arrest/therapy , Heart Arrest/epidemiology , Time Factors , Survival Rate
5.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 70(2): 82-89, Mar.-Apr. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1137154

ABSTRACT

Abstract Background and objectives: The perioperative cardiac arrest (CA) and mortality rates in Brazil, a developing country, are higher than in developed countries. The hypothesis of this review was that knowledge of the epidemiology of perioperative CA and mortality in Brazil enables the comparison with developed countries. The systematic review aimed to verify, in studies conducted in Brazil, the epidemiology of perioperative CA and mortality. Method and results: A search strategy was carried out on different databases (PubMed, EMBASE, SciELO and LILACS) to identify observational studies that reported perioperative CA and/or mortality up to 48 hours postoperatively in Brazil. The primary outcomes were data on epidemiology of perioperative CA and mortality. In 8 Brazilian studies, there was a higher occurrence of perioperative CA and mortality in males; in extremes of age; in patients in worse physical status according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA); in emergency surgeries; in general anesthesia; and in cardiac, thoracic, vascular, abdominal and neurological surgeries. The patient's disease/condition was the main triggering factor, with sepsis and trauma as the main causes. Conclusions: The epidemiology of both perioperative CA and mortality events reported in Brazilian studies does not show important differences and, in general, is similar to studies in developed countries. However, sepsis represents one of the major causes of perioperative CA and mortality in Brazilian studies, contrasting with studies in developed countries in which sepsis is a secondary cause.


Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: As incidências de parada cardíaca (PC) e de mortalidade perioperatória no Brasil, um país em desenvolvimento, são mais elevadas em relação às dos países desenvolvidos. A hipótese desta revisão é que o conhecimento da epidemiologia de PC e de mortalidade perioperatória no Brasil possibilita sua comparação com a dos países desenvolvidos. A revisão sistemática teve como objetivo verificar, em estudos realizados no Brasil, a epidemiologia de PC e de mortalidade perioperatória. Conteúdo: Realizou-se estratégia de busca em diferentes bases de dados (PubMed, EMBASE, SciELO e LILACS) para a identificação de estudos observacionais que reportaram PC e/ou mortalidade perioperatória até 48 horas pós-operatório no Brasil. Os desfechos primários foram dados de epidemiologia de PC e de mortalidade perioperatória. Em 8 estudos nacionais, identificou- se maior ocorrência de PC e de mortalidade perioperatória no sexo masculino, em extremos de idade, em pacientes em pior estado físico segundo a American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), em cirurgias de emergência, em anestesia geral, e em cirurgias cardíaca, torácica, vascular, abdominal e neurológica. A doença/condição do paciente foi o principal fator desencadeante, tendo como causas principais a sepse e o trauma. Conclusões: Nos estudos nacionais, a epidemiologia dos eventos tanto de PC como de mortalidade perioperatória não apresenta diferenças importantes, e de maneira geral, é semelhante à de estudos de países desenvolvidos. Entretanto, a sepse, nos estudos nacionais, representa uma das principais causas de PC e de mortalidade perioperatória, diferenciando-se dos estudos de países desenvolvidos nos quais a sepse é causa secundária.


Subject(s)
Humans , Postoperative Complications/epidemiology , Heart Arrest/epidemiology , Postoperative Complications/mortality , Brazil/epidemiology , Heart Arrest/mortality
6.
Rev. bras. ter. intensiva ; 31(3): 282-288, jul.-set. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1042586

ABSTRACT

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico das vítimas assistidas pela Viatura Médica de Emergência e Reanimação em paragem cardiorrespiratória e refletir se tinham critérios para utilizar a oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, de coorte, descritivo e exploratório. A colheita de dados foi efetuada durante o mês de janeiro de 2018, na região Norte de Portugal, por meio da consulta à base de registos da Viatura Médica de Emergência e Reanimação sobre assistências prestadas no período de 2012 a 2016. Foi elaborada uma grelha de observação suportada pelo instrumento utilizado para a colheita de dados do registo nacional de paragem cardiorrespiratória pré-hospitalar. Resultados: Após aplicar critérios de inclusão, a amostra foi composta por 36 vítimas. Verificou-se que a oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea poderia ter sido aplicada a 24 vítimas no período balizado da colheita de dados, o que resultaria em várias possibilidades de transplantação e/ou sobrevivência, quer da própria vítima quer de outras vidas. Conclusão: A Viatura Médica de Emergência e Reanimação tem potencial para ser incluída na rede oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea da área em estudo.


ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the epidemiological profile of victims of cardiac arrest assisted using a nontransporting emergency medical service vehicle and to determine whether these patients met the criteria for the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Methods: This study employed a retrospective, cohort, descriptive, and exploratory design. Data were collected in January 2018 in northern Portugal by consulting the records of nontransporting emergency medical service vehicles that provided assistance between 2012 and 2016. An observation grid was prepared that was supported by the instrument used for collecting data from the national registry of out-ofhospital cardiac arrests. Results: After applying the inclusion criteria, the sample consisted of 36 victims. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation could have been applied to 24 victims during the period analyzed, which might have increased the odds for transplantation, survival, or both, for either the victim or other individuals. Conclusion: Nontransporting emergency medical service vehicles have the potential for inclusion in the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation network of the study area.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation , Heart Arrest/therapy , Retrospective Studies , Cohort Studies , Emergency Treatment , Heart Arrest/epidemiology , Middle Aged
7.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 147(1): 34-40, 2019. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-991370

ABSTRACT

Background: Perioperative cardiac arrest (PCA) is a rare but important event in the operating room. Aim: To describe PCA events at a Clinical Hospital in Santiago, Chile. Material and Methods: Registry of PCA that occurred in the operating room (OR) and during procedures not carried out in the OR between September 2006 and November 2017. Precipitating events, type of anesthesia and results of resuscitation maneuvers were described. Results: Eighty events (five outside of the OR) during 170,431 surgical procedures were recorded, resulting in an incidence of 4.4 events per 10,000 interventions. Hypotension/hypoperfusion was the most frequently found preexisting condition (42.5%). The main cause was the presence of preoperative complications (57.5%). Nineteen cases (23.8%) were attributable to anesthesia, with an incidence of 1.11 per 10,000 anesthetic procedures. Survival rate at hospital discharge was 52.5%. The figure for PCA caused by anesthesia was 84.2%. Conclusions: The incidence of PCA and its survival is similar to that reported abroad. In general, PCA has a better prognosis than other types of cardiac arrest, especially if it has an anesthetic cause.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Heart Arrest/epidemiology , Hospitals, University/statistics & numerical data , Intraoperative Complications/epidemiology , Time Factors , Chile/epidemiology , Incidence , Survival Rate , Risk Factors , Hospital Mortality , Heart Arrest/etiology , Intraoperative Complications/etiology , Anesthesia/adverse effects , Anesthesia/statistics & numerical data
8.
Med. Afr. noire (En ligne) ; 65(03): 137-145, 2018.
Article in French | AIM | ID: biblio-1266294

ABSTRACT

Introduction : L'Arrêt Cardio-Respiratoire (ACR) est un évènement fréquent dans les services d'urgences et de réanimation pédiatrique. Bien que de nombreuses données soient rapportées dans plusieurs régions du monde, peu sont disponibles en Afrique subsaharienne. L'objectif de cette étude était d'évaluer les aspects épidémiologiques, thérapeutiques et le pronostic des enfants victimes d'ACR au CNHEAR.Patients et méthodes : Il s'agissait d'une étude prospective sur 1 an, concernant les enfants âgés de 0 à 15 ans, ayant présenté un ACR et bénéficié de manœuvres de réanimation au CNHEAR. Les données ont été saisies et analysées avec le logiciel Epi info 3.5.4 et SPSS 24.0. Résultats : Cent-soixante-dix-neuf (179) cas d'ACR ont été enregistrés. Les motifs de consultation les plus fréquents étaient la fièvre et la détresse respiratoire (38,5% chacun). Le délai de consultation moyen était de 3,5 jours. Quarante-neuf virgule sept pour cent (49,7%) avaient consulté dans une structure périphérique avant d'atteindre le niveau central et 13,9% étaient transportés par un transport médicalisé. Les principales circonstances ayant conduit à l'ACR étaient la détresse respiratoire (45,2%), la défaillance hémodynamique (48,7%), et les troubles métaboliques (19,6%). Les pathologies sous- jacentes étaient dominées par le sepsis 20,1%. Au plan thérapeutique, 71,5% avaient eu un massage cardiaque externe. Au décours de la réanimation initiale, le retour à une activité cardio-circulatoire spontanée était de 60,9%. L'évolution secondaire était marquée par la récidive de l'ACR chez 71,6% et finalement le décès de 85,3%. Au final, sur les 179 enfants ayant fait un ACR et bénéficié d'une réanimation, 16 (8,9%) ont survécu et ont été suivis en ambulatoire.Conclusion : La survie après ACR pédiatrique au Sénégal est faible. Des efforts importants restent à faire, notamment une amélioration des ressources matérielles ainsi que des compétences et la formation continue des praticiens en vue d'une meilleure prise en charge des enfants gravement malades


Subject(s)
Child , Heart Arrest/epidemiology , Heart Arrest/therapy , Senegal , Treatment Outcome
9.
Rev. bras. ter. intensiva ; 28(4): 420-426, oct.-dic. 2016. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-844275

ABSTRACT

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a incidência de falha na ativação da via aferente da Equipe de Emergência Médica intra-hospitalar, caraterizando-a e comparando a mortalidade dessa população com a da população em que não se verificou falha na ativação da via aferente. Métodos: Entre janeiro de 2013 e julho de 2015, ocorreram 478 ativações da Equipe de Emergência Médica do Hospital Pedro Hispano. Após a exclusão de registos incompletos e ativações para doentes com menos de 6 horas de internamento hospitalar, obtivemos uma amostra de 285 ativações. A amostra foi dividida em dois grupos: o grupo com falha na ativação da via aferente e o grupo em que não ocorreu falha na ativação da via aferente da Equipe de Emergência Médica. As duas populações foram caracterizadas e comparadas. A significância estatística foi considerada para p ≤ 0,05. Resultado: Em 22,1% das ativações, verificou-se falha na ativação da via aferente. Relativamente ao estudo causal, verificamos existir diferença estatisticamente significativa quanto aos critérios de ativação da Equipe de Emergência Médica (p = 0,003) no grupo com falha na ativação da via aferente, encontrando taxa mais elevada de ativação da Equipe de Emergência Médica por paragem cardiorrespiratória e disfunção cardiovascular. Em relação às consequências, no grupo em que ocorreu falha na ativação da via aferente houve uma maior taxa de mortalidade imediata e à data de alta hospitalar, sem significado estatístico. Não encontramos diferenças significativas com relação aos outros parâmetros. Conclusão: Nos doentes em que houve falha da ativação da via aferente da Equipe de Emergência Médica, a incidência de paragem cardiorrespiratória e a taxa de mortalidade foram maiores. Este estudo reforça a necessidade de as unidades de saúde investirem na formação de todos os profissionais de saúde sobre os critérios de ativação da Equipe de Emergência Médica e o funcionamento do sistema de resposta a emergência médica.


ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the incidence of afferent limb failure of the in-hospital Medical Emergency Team, characterizing it and comparing the mortality between the population experiencing afferent limb failure and the population not experiencing afferent limb failure. Methods: A total of 478 activations of the Medical Emergency Team of Hospital Pedro Hispano occurred from January 2013 to July 2015. A sample of 285 activations was obtained after excluding incomplete records and activations for patients with less than 6 hours of hospitalization. The sample was divided into two groups: the group experiencing afferent limb failure and the group not experiencing afferent limb failure of the Medical Emergency Team. Both populations were characterized and compared. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Result: Afferent limb failure was observed in 22.1% of activations. The causal analysis revealed significant differences in Medical Emergency Team activation criteria (p = 0.003) in the group experiencing afferent limb failure, with higher rates of Medical Emergency Team activation for cardiac arrest and cardiovascular dysfunction. Regarding patient outcomes, the group experiencing afferent limb failure had higher immediate mortality rates and higher mortality rates at hospital discharge, with no significant differences. No significant differences were found for the other parameters. Conclusion: The incidence of cardiac arrest and the mortality rate were higher in patients experiencing failure of the afferent limb of the Medical Emergency Team. This study highlights the need for health units to invest in the training of all healthcare professionals regarding the Medical Emergency Team activation criteria and emergency medical response system operations.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Hospital Mortality , Hospital Rapid Response Team/statistics & numerical data , Heart Arrest/therapy , Hospitalization , Portugal , Time Factors , Incidence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Retrospective Studies , Hospital Rapid Response Team/standards , Heart Arrest/mortality , Heart Arrest/epidemiology , Middle Aged
10.
Rev. bras. ter. intensiva ; 28(4): 405-412, oct.-dic. 2016. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-844263

ABSTRACT

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar pacientes admitidos com síndrome coronariana aguda sem prévia identificação de fatores de risco cardiovascular com pacientes que portavam um ou mais fatores de risco. Métodos: Análise retrospectiva dos pacientes admitidos com o primeiro episódio de síndrome coronariana aguda sem cardiopatia prévia, incluídos em um registro nacional de síndrome coronariana aguda. Os pacientes foram divididos segundo o número de fatores de risco: nenhum fator de risco (G0), um ou dois fatores de risco (G1 - 2) e três ou mais fatores de risco (G ≥ 3). Realizou-se uma análise comparativa entre os três grupos e se estudaram os preditores independentes de parada cardíaca e óbito. Resultados: O total apurado foi de 5.518 pacientes, 72,2% deles do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 64 ± 14 anos. O G0 teve uma incidência maior de infarto do miocárdio com elevação do segmento ST, sendo o vaso mais frequentemente envolvido a artéria descendente anterior esquerda, e menor prevalência de envolvimento de múltiplos vasos. Embora o G0 tivesse uma classe Killip mais baixa (96% Killip I; p < 0,001) e maior fração de ejeção (G0: 56 ± 10% versus G1 - 2 e G ≥ 3: 53 ± 12%; p = 0,024) na admissão, houve incidência significantemente maior de parada cardíaca. A análise multivariada identificou ausência de fatores de risco como um fator independente para parada cardíaca (OR 2,78; p = 0,019). A mortalidade hospitalar foi ligeiramente maior no G0, embora sem significância estatística. Segundo a análise de regressão de Cox, o número de fatores de risco não se associou com mortalidade. Os preditores de óbito em 1 ano de seguimento foram infarto do miocárdio com elevação do segmento ST (OR 1,05; p < 0,001) e fração de ejeção inferior a 50% (OR 2,34; p < 0,001). Conclusão: Embora o grupo sem fatores de risco fosse composto de pacientes mais jovens e com menos comorbidades, melhor função ventricular esquerda e coronariopatia menos extensa, a ausência de fatores de risco foi um preditor independente de parada cardíaca.


ABSTRACT Objective: To compare patients without previously diagnosed cardiovascular risk factors) and patients with one or more risk factors admitted with acute coronary syndrome. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of patients admitted with first episode of acute coronary syndrome without previous heart disease, who were included in a national acute coronary syndrome registry. The patients were divided according to the number of risk factors, as follows: 0 risk factor (G0), 1 or 2 risk factors (G1 - 2) and 3 or more risk factors (G ≥ 3). Comparative analysis was performed between the three groups, and independent predictors of cardiac arrest and death were studied. Results: A total of 5,518 patients were studied, of which 72.2% were male and the mean age was 64 ± 14 years. G0 had a greater incidence of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, with the left anterior descending artery being the most frequently involved vessel, and a lower prevalence of multivessel disease. Even though G0 had a lower Killip class (96% in Killip I; p < 0.001) and higher ejection fraction (G0 56 ± 10% versus G1 - 2 and G ≥ 3 53 ± 12%; p = 0.024) on admission, there was a significant higher incidence of cardiac arrest. Multivariate analysis identified the absence of risk factors as an independent predictor of cardiac arrest (OR 2.78; p = 0.019). Hospital mortality was slightly higher in G0, although this difference was not significant. By Cox regression analysis, the number of risk factors was found not to be associated with mortality. Predictors of death at 1 year follow up included age (OR 1.05; p < 0.001), ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (OR 1.94; p = 0.003) and ejection fraction < 50% (OR 2.34; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Even though the group without risk factors was composed of younger patients with fewer comorbidities, better left ventricular function and less extensive coronary disease, the absence of risk factors was an independent predictor of cardiac arrest.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Aged , Ventricular Function, Left , Acute Coronary Syndrome/etiology , ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction/etiology , Heart Arrest/etiology , Proportional Hazards Models , Incidence , Multivariate Analysis , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Follow-Up Studies , Age Factors , Hospital Mortality , Acute Coronary Syndrome/epidemiology , ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction/epidemiology , Heart Arrest/epidemiology , Middle Aged
11.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 66(2): 176-182, Mar.-Apr. 2016. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-777414

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Great changes in medicine have taken place over the last 25 years worldwide. These changes in technologies, patient risks, patient profile, and laws regulating the medicine have impacted the incidence of cardiac arrest. It has been postulated that the incidence of intraoperative cardiac arrest has decreased over the years, especially in developed countries. The authors hypothesized that, as in the rest of the world, the incidence of intraoperative cardiac arrest is decreasing in Brazil, a developing country. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to search the literature to evaluate the publications that relate the incidence of intraoperative cardiac arrest in Brazil and analyze the trend in the incidence of intraoperative cardiac arrest. CONTENTS: There were 4 articles that met our inclusion criteria, resulting in 204,072 patients undergoing regional or general anesthesia in two tertiary and academic hospitals, totalizing 627 cases of intraoperative cardiac arrest. The mean intraoperative cardiac arrest incidence for the 25 years period was 30.72:10,000 anesthesias. There was a decrease from 39:10,000 anesthesias to 13:10,000 anesthesias in the analyzed period, with the related lethality from 48.3% to 30.8%. Also, the main causes of anesthesia-related cause of mortality changed from machine malfunction and drug overdose to hypovolemia and respiratory causes. CONCLUSIONS: There was a clear reduction in the incidence of intraoperative cardiac arrest in the last 25 years in Brazil. This reduction is seen worldwide and might be a result of multiple factors, including new laws regulating the medicine in Brazil, incorporation of technologies, better human development level of the country, and better patient care.


RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA: Nos últimos 25 anos ocorreram grandes mudanças na medicina em todo o mundo. Essas mudanças de tecnologias, riscos do paciente, perfil do paciente e leis que regulam medicamentos tiveram impacto na incidência de parada cardíaca (PC). Postula-se que a incidência de parada cardíaca intraoperatória (PCI) tem diminuído ao longo dos anos, especialmente em países desenvolvidos. A nossa hipótese foi que, como no resto do mundo, a incidência de PCI está diminuindo no Brasil, um país em desenvolvimento. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo foi pesquisar e avaliar na literatura as publicações que relacionam a incidência de PCI no Brasil e analisar a tendência na incidência de PCI. CONTEÚDO: Descobrimos quatro artigos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão, que resultaram em 204.072 pacientes submetidos à anestesia regional ou geral em dois hospitais terciários e acadêmicos e 627 casos de PCI. A média de incidência de PCI para o período de 25 anos foi de 30,72:10.000 anestesias. Houve uma diminuição de 39:10.000 anestesias para 13:10.000 anestesias no período analisado, com letalidade relacionada de 48,3% para 30,8%. Além disso, as principais causas de mortalidade relacionadas à anestesia mudaram de mau funcionamento de máquinas e overdose de medicamentos para hipovolemia e causas respiratórias. CONCLUSÕES: Houve uma clara redução na incidência de PCI nos últimos 25 anos no Brasil. Essa redução é observada em todo o mundo e pode ser o resultado de vários fatores, incluindo novas leis que regulam medicamentos no Brasil, incorporação de tecnologias, melhor nível de desenvolvimento humano do país e melhor assistência ao paciente.


Subject(s)
Humans , Heart Arrest/epidemiology , Intraoperative Complications/epidemiology , Anesthesia/adverse effects , Brazil/epidemiology , Incidence , Tertiary Care Centers , Anesthesia/methods
12.
Yonsei Medical Journal ; : 512-517, 2016.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-21001

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE: Although cardiac involvement is an infrequently recognized manifestation of venomous snakebites, little is known of the adverse cardiovascular events (ACVEs) arising as a result of snakebite in Korea. Accordingly, we studied the prevalence of ACVEs associated with venomous snakebites in Korea and compared the clinical features of patients with and without ACVEs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted on 65 consecutive venomous snakebite cases diagnosed and treated at the emergency department of Wonju Severance Christian Hospital between May 2011 and October 2014. ACVEs were defined as the occurrence of at least one of the following: 1) myocardial injury, 2) shock, 3) ventricular dysrhythmia, or 4) cardiac arrest. RESULTS: Nine (13.8%) of the 65 patients had ACVEs; myocardial injury (9 patients, 13.8%) included high sensitivity troponin I (hs-TnI) elevation (7 patients, 10.8%) or electrocardiogram (ECG) determined ischemic change (2 patients, 3.1%), and shock (2 patient, 3.1%). Neither ventricular dysrhythmia nor cardiac arrest was observed. The median of elevated hs-TnI levels observed in the present study were 0.063 ng/mL (maximum: 3.000 ng/mL) and there was no mortality in the ACVEs group. Underlying cardiac diseases were more common in the ACVEs group than in the non-ACVEs group (p=0.017). Regarding complications during hospitalization, 3 patients (5.4%) in the non-ACVEs group and 3 patients (33.3%) in the ACVEs group developed bleeding (p=0.031). CONCLUSION: Significant proportion of the patients with venomous snakebite is associated with occurrence of ACVEs. Patients with ACVEs had more underlying cardiac disease and bleeding complication.


Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/epidemiology , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Electrocardiography , Emergency Service, Hospital , Heart Arrest/epidemiology , Hospitalization , Prevalence , Republic of Korea , Retrospective Studies , Snake Bites/complications , Troponin I/blood
13.
Journal of Korean Medical Science ; : 1347-1353, 2015.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-53684

ABSTRACT

The change of compressing personnel will inevitably accompany hands off time when cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is performed by two or more rescuers. The present study assessed whether changing compression by a second rescuer located on the opposite side (OS) of the first rescuer can reduce hands-off time compared to CPR on the same side (SS) when CPR is performed by two rescuers. The scenario of this randomized, controlled, parallel simulation study was compression-only CPR by two laypersons in a pre-hospital situation. Considering sex ratio, 64 participants were matched up in 32 teams equally divided into two gender groups, i.e. , homogenous or heterogeneous. Each team was finally allocated to one of two study groups according to the position of changing compression (SS or OS). Every team performed chest compression for 8 min and 10 sec, with chest compression changed every 2 min. The primary endpoint was cumulative hands-off time. Cumulative hands-off time of the SS group was about 2 sec longer than the OS group, and was significant (6.6 +/- 2.6 sec vs. 4.5 +/- 1.5 sec, P = 0.005). The range of hands off time of the SS group was wider than for the OS group. The mean hands-off times of each rescuer turn significantly shortened with increasing number of turns (P = 0.005). A subgroup analysis in which cumulative hands-off time was divided into three subgroups in 5-sec intervals revealed that about 70% of the SS group was included in subgroups with delayed hands-off time > or = 5 sec, with only 25% of the OS group included in these subgroups (P = 0.033). Changing compression at the OS of each rescuer reduced hands-off time compared to the SS in prehospital hands-only CPR provided by two bystanders.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/methods , Clinical Competence/statistics & numerical data , Emergency Medical Services/statistics & numerical data , Heart Arrest/epidemiology , Heart Massage/methods , Republic of Korea/epidemiology , Treatment Outcome , Workload/statistics & numerical data
14.
Journal of Korean Medical Science ; : 1354-1360, 2015.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-53683

ABSTRACT

Cardiac arrest (CA) in children is associated with high mortality rates. In Korea, cohort studies regarding the outcomes of pediatric CAs are lacking, especially in emergency departments (EDs) or in-hospital settings. This study was conducted to examine the trends in epidemiology and survival outcomes in children with resuscitation-attempted CAs using data from a cross-sectional, national, ED-based clinical registry. We extracted cases in which cardiopulmonary resuscitation and/or manual defibrillation were performed according to treatment codes using the National Emergency Department Information System (NEDIS) from 2008 to 2012. The total number of ED visits registered in the NEDIS during the 5-yr evaluation period was 20,424,530; among these, there were 2,970 resuscitation-attempted CAs in children. The annual rates of pediatric CAs per 1,000 ED visits showed an upward trend from 2.81 in 2009 to 3.62 in 2012 (P for trend = 0.045). The median number of estimated pediatric CAs at each ED was 7.8 (25th to 75th percentile, 4 to 13) per year. The overall rates for admission survival and discharge survival were 35.2% and 12.8%, respectively. The survival outcome of adults increased substantially over the past 5 yr (11.8% in 2008, 11.7% in 2010, and 13.6% in 2012; P for trend = 0.001); however, the results for children did not improve (13.6% in 2008, 11.4% in 2010, and 13.7% in 2012; P for trend = 0.870). Conclusively, we found that the overall incidence of pediatric CAs in EDs increased substantially over the past 5 yr, but without significantly higher survival outcomes.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Young Adult , Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/mortality , Cross-Sectional Studies , Emergency Service, Hospital/statistics & numerical data , Heart Arrest/epidemiology , Hospital Mortality , Incidence , Registries , Republic of Korea/epidemiology , Risk Factors , Survival Rate , Treatment Outcome
15.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-882794

ABSTRACT

A Parada Cardiorrespiratória (PCR) é a ausência de atividade cardiopulmonar, uma situação tecnicamente de morte e que se precocemente detectada pode ser revertida. Nesse artigo revisaremos brevemente a evolução histórica da reversão do quadro, assim como revisaremos o manejo tanto de forma básica para leigos assim como avançada para profissionais capacitados.


The cardiorespiratory arrest it's the lack of any cardiopulmonary activity, a nearly death state that if fastly noticed can be reversed. In this article we'll discuss briefly the history, the basic and advanced practices to lay and professionals to manage this condition.


Subject(s)
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/history , Heart Arrest/epidemiology , Heart Arrest/therapy
16.
Clin. biomed. res ; 34(1): 5-10, 2014. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-834456

ABSTRACT

Cardiopulmonary arrest is a medical emergency with significant mortality. The success of resuscitation led to the emergence of post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS), which originates from ischemia-reperfusion injury and its consequent increase in serum lactate. Despite the robust evidence correlating hyperlactatemia as a prognostic marker in critically ill patients, there is insufficient evidence about the role of serum lactate in the outcome of PCAS. Thus, the purpose of this review is to check the current evidence on the role of lactate in predicting mortality in PCAS.


Subject(s)
Heart Arrest/mortality , Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/adverse effects , Lactates/metabolism , Heart Arrest/epidemiology , Survival Rate , Reperfusion Injury/complications , Reperfusion Injury/etiology
19.
Actas peru. anestesiol ; 19(2): 48-55, abr.-jun. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-663013

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia, características epidemiológicas y datos de los registros Utstein de los pacientes con paro cardiorrespiratorio (PCR) intrahospitalario atendidos en el Hospital de Emergencias José Casimiro Ulloa. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, de la información del registro Utstein de los PCR intrahospitalarios atendidos en los diversos servicios del Hospital de Emergencias José Casimiro Ulloa entre enero y agosto del 2008. Resultados: Durante el período de estudio se reportaron 148 casos, con una incidencia de 2.56 x 1,000 y una mortalidad del 98%. La edad promedio fue 56.5 años, siendo el sexo masculino el más frecuente con respecto al femenino en una proporción de 2 a 1. El antecedente más común fue insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva en un 45.94%, mientras que el 43.24% tenía el diagnóstico de shock séptico. Según el registro Utstein, la causa precipitante más común fue la depresión respiratoria en un 47.97%, mientras que el ritmo cardíaco inicial más encontrado fue la asistolia con 39.29%. El tiempo promedio de reanimación cardiopulmonar fue de 17.2 minutos y la causa de muerte más frecuente fue el daño cerebral con el 24.64%. Conclusiones: El reporte Utstein es una herramienta útil para el diagnóstico y posterior mejora de los sistemas de atención de emergencia, sin embargo sigue siendo poco difundido y subutilizado en nuestro país.


Objective: To determine the incidence, epidemiological characteristics and data of the Utstein register of patients with intrahospitalary cardiac arrest served in the Hospital de Emergencias José Casimiro Ulloa. Material and methods: Observational, descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study of the information of the Utstein register aided of the intrahospitalary cardiac arrests in the various services of the Hospital de Emergencias José Casimiro Ulloa between january and august 2008. Results: During the study period was reported 148 cases, with an incidence of 2.56 x 1,000 and a mortality rate of 98%. The median age was 56.5 years, being male the most frequent with respect to the women by a ratio of 2 to 1. The most common antecedent was congestive heart failure in a 45.94%, while the 43.24% had the diagnosis of septic shock. According to the Utstein register, the most common precipitating cause was respiratory depression in a 47.97%, while the initial cardiac rhythm more found was the asystole with 39.29%. The average time of cardiopulmonary resuscitation was 17.2 minutes and the most frequent death cause was brain damage with the 24.64%. Conclusions: Utstein report is a useful tool for the diagnosis and subsequent improvement of the systems of emergency care, however remains little spread and underused in our country


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Female , Young Adult , Middle Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Incidence , Heart Arrest , Heart Arrest/epidemiology , Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Cross-Sectional Studies , Observational Studies as Topic
20.
Rev. bras. anestesiol ; 61(1): 115-120, jan.-fev. 2011.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-599881

ABSTRACT

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A raquianestesia faz parte do dia a dia de inúmeros anestesiologistas. É considerada bastante segura, embora existam algumas complicações relacionadas a essa técnica, dentre as quais a mais temida é a ocorrência de parada cardiorrespiratória (PCR). A incidência real de PCR relacionada à raquianestesia, bem como sua etiologia, ainda não estão completamente elucidadas, o que motivou a realização deste artigo. CONTEÚDO: Foram revisados artigos publicados, nos últimos vinte anos, em revistas indexadas ao Medline e em um livro-texto. O propósito desta revisão foi identificar a incidência de PCR relacionada à anestesia subaracnoidea e a etiologia desses casos. Procurou-se também identificar eventuais fatores de risco. Por fim, as estratégias de tratamento descritas na literatura foram revisadas a fim de se determinar a melhor conduta diante de um caso de PCR no curso de bloqueio espinhal. CONCLUSÕES: A incidência de PCR relacionada à raquianestesia é bastante variável, e parece ser menor quando comparada à anestesia geral. No passado, acreditava-se que a PCR era decorrente de hipoxemia, relacionada, principalmente, à sedação excessiva. Entretanto, hoje se sabe que a PCR no curso de um bloqueio subaracnoideo tem etiologia cardiocirculatória, relacionada principalmente à redução da pré-carga resultante do bloqueio simpático. Existem também outros fatores que aumentam o risco para o desenvolvimento de PCR, dentre os quais merecem relevância: alterações no posicionamento do paciente e hipovolemia. Em relação ao tratamento, está bem sedimentado que o mais importante é que seja instituído precocemente. Além de um agente vagolítico, deve-se lançar mão precocemente de um simpaticomimético, em especial adrenalina, a fim de minimizar os danos para o paciente.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Spinal anesthesia is an integral part of the daily routine of countless anesthesiologists. It is considered to be a safe procedure, although some complications related to this technique, among them the most feared is cardiopulmonary arrest (cardiac arrest, CA), do exist. The real incidence of CA related to spinal anesthesia, as well as its etiology, is not known and has motivated this review article. CONTENTS: Articles published in the last twenty years in Medline indexed journals and in a textbook were reviewed. The objective of the present review was to identify the incidence of spinal block anesthesia-related CA and the etiology of those cases. We also tried to identify possible risk factors. Finally, treatment strategies described in the literature were reviewed in order to determine the best conduct when facing a case of CA during spinal anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of spinal anesthesia-related CA varies, and it seems to be lower when compared to that of general anesthesia. In the past, it was believed that CA was due to hypoxemia related especially to excessive sedation. However, nowadays, it is known that the etiology of CA during spinal block anesthesia is related to cardiocirculatory factors, mainly a reduction of preload resulting from sympathetic blockade. Other factors that increase the risk of developing CA also exist. Among those factors, the following should be mentioned: changes in patient positioning and hypovolemia. It is very important to institute treatment as soon as possible. Besides a vagolytic agent, early use of a sympathomimetic drug, especially adrenaline, is also recommended to minimize damage to the patient.


JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La raquianestesia forma parte del cotidiano de innumerables anestesiólogos. Se le considera bastante segura, aunque existan algunas complicaciones relacionadas con esa técnica, entre las cuales la más temida es el aparecimiento de la parada cardiorrespiratoria (PCR). El aparecimiento real de PCR relacionado con la raquianestesia, como también su etiología, todavía no han quedado completamente elucidados, lo que ha motivado la realización de este artículo. CONTENIDO: Se revisaron artículos publicados en los últimos veinte años en revistas indexadas al Medline y un libro de texto. El propósito de esta revisión fue identificar el aparecimiento de PCR relacionado con la anestesia subaracnoidea y la etiología de esos casos. Se buscó también identificar eventuales factores de riesgo. Finalmente, las estrategias de tratamiento descritas en la literatura se revisaron para determinar la mejor conducta frente a un caso de PCR en el transcurso del bloqueo espinal. CONCLUSIONES: El aparecimiento de PCR relacionado con la raquianestesia es bastante variable, y parece ser menor cuando se le compara con la anestesia general. Antiguamente se creía que la PCR provenía de la hipoxemia, relacionada, principalmente, con la sedación excesiva. Sin embargo, hoy se sabe que la PCR en el transcurso de un bloqueo subaracnoideo, tiene una etiología cardiocirculatoria, que se relaciona, principalmente, con la reducción de la precarga resultante del bloqueo simpático. Existen también otros factores que aumentan el riesgo para que la PCR se desarrolle, entre los cuales merecen ser destacados: las alteraciones en el posicionamiento del paciente y la hipovolemia. Con relación al tratamiento, ha quedado bien documentado que lo más importante es que sea instituido rápidamente. Además de un agente vagolítico, debemos utilizar rápidamente un simpaticomimético, en especial la adrenalina, para minimizar los daños al paciente.


Subject(s)
Humans , Anesthesia, Spinal/adverse effects , Heart Arrest/etiology , Heart Arrest/epidemiology , Heart Arrest/therapy , Risk Factors
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